Suchergebnisse

The article discusses the plight of women - surrogate mothers from the lower castes of India, which is the result of legislative regulation of surrogate motherhood. The low cost of services of surrogate mothers and legal regulation advantageous for the genetic parents, attract clients from abroad, making India the world centre of surrogacy. The consequence is a humiliating situation of surrogate mothers, their vulnerability, and contrary to the declared democratic values enshrined in the Constitution of India. The protection of democratic values and consolidation of the old caste are natural of India, which is also enshrined in the legislation. In November 2016, a new bill prohibiting surrogacy on a commercial basis was presented. Currently the bill is pending. The article shows that if the bill is passed, it will solve some of the problems associated with the humiliated position of surrogate mothers, but will not solve problems related to 1) the autonomy of surrogate mothers; 2) protection of the rights of women of the lower castes applying for the job of a surrogate mother. In addition, the bill may cause new social and economic problems. Firstly, the introduction of the bill will hit "reproductive tourism" in India, seriously reducing the industry. Secondly, the ban on surrogate motherhood on a commercial basis will be a significant part of the medical staff of IVF clinics. A new bill will require considerable powers of Executive authorities and police, since the ban applies on a well-developed industry in medicine, having gained international fame. Otherwise, the introduction of the bill may create a black market of surrogacy. The article provides a number of alternative measures to solve problems caused by "reproductive tourism", such as diagnosis, medical aid to surrogate mothers after childbirth, control over the content of surrogate mothers and the protection of their rights. Similar measures have already been successfully used in the field of experiments with the participation of the people, and have international legal framework. ; В статье рассматривается положение женщин - суррогатных матерей из низших каст Индии, которое обусловлено законодательным регулированием суррогатного материнства. Низкая стоимость услуг суррогатных матерей и законодательное регулирование, выгодное для генетических родителей, привлекают клиентов из-за рубежа, сделав Индию мировым центром суррогатного материнства. Последствиями этого является униженное положение суррогатных матерей, их незащищенность, что противоречит декларируемым демократическим ценностям, закрепленным в Конституции Индии. Защита демократических ценностей и закрепление старой кастовой системы характерны для Индии, что также закреплено в законодательстве. В ноябре 2016 г. был представлен новый билль, запрещающий суррогатное материнство на коммерческой основе. В настоящее время билль находится на рассмотрении. В статье показано, что, если билль будет принят, он хотя и решит некоторые проблемы, связанные с униженным положением суррогатных матерей, но не решит проблем, связанных: 1) с автономией суррогатных матерей; 2) защитой прав женщин низших каст, прибегающих к работе суррогатной матерью. Кроме того, билль может вызвать новые социальные и экономические проблемы. Во-первых, внедрение билля сильно ударит по «репродуктивному туризму» в Индию, серьезно сократив отрасль. Во-вторых, запрет на суррогатное материнство на коммерческой основе оставит без работы немалую часть медицинского персонала ЭКО-клиник. Новый билль потребует немалых сил органов исполнительной власти и полиции, поскольку запрет распространяется на хорошо развитую отрасль в медицине, получившую международную известность. В противном случае внедрение билля может спровоцировать появление теневого рынка суррогатного материнства. В статье приводится ряд альтернативных мер с целью решить проблемы, вызванные «репродуктивным туризмом», такие как диагностика, оказание медицинской помощи суррогатным матерям после родов, контроль за содержанием суррогатных матерей и защитой их прав. Подобные меры уже давно и успешно используются в сфере экспериментов с участием людей и имеют международную законодательную основу.

The article analyses publication ethics in the contemporary world. The first part of the article is devoted to the scientific ethics. Publication ethics is a part of scientific ethics and should be considered in the context of history of science and the development of moral principles in this field. The authors describe the main issues of scientific ethics in the second part of the 20(th) century. Many moral problems and dilemmas in this field were caused by the development of science and technology. Mass destruction weapons and the invention of nuclear bombs have made scientific community and government officials recognize the possible negative impact of the modern science and technology on humankind and the environment. At the same time, medical science began to contradict medicine as the profession. The main scientific aim is new scientific knowledge whereas human health and life are professional goals of medicine. The researches that Nazi scientists conducted were crimes against humanity. Since then research ethics has attracted public's attention to experiments involving humans. Today many international and governmental documents protect human participants and animals. The rapid development of science has made research ethics and then publication ethics very topical. The Committee on Publication Ethics, one of the most important organizations in the field of publication ethics, was founded by the editors of medical journals. The authors describe the concepts of scientific ethics and sociology of science by R. Merton, S. Fuller and J. Ziman. According to these concepts, publication activity of scientists is one of the most important factors that influence scientists' wages and funding their projects. That is why there are too many violations of publication ethics. The second part of the article analyses main violations of publication ethics and among them are 1) conflict of interests; 2) data fabrication; 3) plagiarism; 4) self-plagiarism, duplicated publications and "salami slicing"; 5) violations of authorship; 6) violations of journals' policies, criteria of publication, publication fees and others. The authors concluded that violations of publication ethics are very widespread in the world scientific community and sometimes it is very difficult to detect the violations and punish the guilty. At the same time, violations of publication ethics can prevent the violations in research ethics and other important fields of scientific ethics.